Overview of near infrared spectroscopy in otorhinolaryngology

What can near infrared spectroscopy in otorhinolaryngology reveal?

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a modern medical technique that uses near-infrared light to examine tissues. In otorhinolaryngology (ENT medicine), it is especially helpful because it can penetrate tissues with very little interference.

This technology is non-invasive and provides real-time information, making it an excellent tool for diagnosing and monitoring conditions in the ear, nose, and throat. Thanks to it, many conditions can be revealed, such as:

Oxygen levels

One of the most common uses of NIRS is checking how well tissues are receiving oxygen. By measuring the balance between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor hemoglobin, NIRS gives doctors important information about:

• Blood flow in specific areas.
• How efficiently oxygen is being used in the tissues.

This is particularly useful for conditions like sinus problems or hearing issues, where a lack of oxygen can affect recovery.

Brain blood flow

When performing head or neck surgeries, it’s vital to ensure the brain gets enough blood. NIRS helps surgeons monitor blood flow to the brain in real-time, ensuring the patient remains safe throughout the procedure.

Identifying tumors

NIRS can also help distinguish between healthy and abnormal tissues, like tumors. By analyzing how tissues absorb near-infrared light, doctors can locate the edges of a tumor more accurately, which makes surgical removal more precise while avoiding damage to healthy areas.

Checking tissue health after surgery

After surgeries, especially reconstructive ones, it’s important to know if the tissues are healing well. NIRS can evaluate the health and function of the tissues by monitoring their oxygen and metabolic levels. This helps doctors predict if the tissues are likely to survive and recover properly.

Applications of near infrared spectroscopy in otorhinolaryngology treatment

By providing advanced diagnostic and monitoring capabilities, NISR aids in detecting health abnormalities earlier. This contributes to more effective treatment planning and better overall healthcare outcomes. For otorhinolaryngology diseases, NISR contributes to the diagnosis and treatment of certain conditions, including:

• Diagnosing chronic sinusitis: Chronic sinusitis often involves persistent inflammation and hypoxia (low oxygen levels). NIRS can detect reduced oxygenation and track recovery in sinus tissues post-treatment or surgery.
• Evaluating vocal cord function: For individuals with vocal disorders, especially singers or speakers, NIRS can assess blood flow and oxygenation changes in the vocal cords during use.
• Monitoring hearing loss: Some forms of hearing loss, like sudden sensorineural hearing loss, are linked to reduced blood flow in the cochlea. By applying NIRS, ENT specialists can map blood flow and oxygenation changes in the inner ear.
• Sleep apnea: Sleep apnea occurs when airway blockages reduce oxygen levels during sleep. NIRS measures oxygen and blood flow around the airway, helping your otorhinolaryngology specialist identify problem areas and customize treatments like CPAP therapy or surgery.
• Laryngeal cancer monitoring: Laryngeal cancer treatments often impact tissue oxygenation, making it crucial to track changes during therapy. NIRS is particularly useful in monitoring tumor oxygenation levels, providing real-time feedback on the effectiveness of treatment. This ensures timely adjustments to the care plan and better outcomes for the patient.
• Tonsillitis: Tonsillitis, whether acute or chronic, can result in reduced oxygen supply to the tonsils due to inflammation. By using NIRS, doctors can monitor these changes in oxygenation and determine if surgical removal of the tonsils is necessary. This approach helps in making informed decisions about managing the condition.
• Eustachian tube dysfunction: Chronic inflammation in the Eustachian tube can lead to dysfunction. NIRS provides a way to map these changes, offering valuable insights for diagnosis and treatment. This can be particularly beneficial in managing issues such as chronic ear infections or hearing difficulties linked to Eustachian tube problems.

How is near infrared spectroscopy in otorhinolaryngology performed?

Using near infrared spectroscopy in a clinical setting requires a few important steps to ensure that the results are accurate and helpful.

Step 1: Prepare the patient

Before NISR, you’ll be reassured that the NIRS test is non-invasive, meaning it won’t require any cuts or needles. It’s a safe and painless technique that will help your doctors gain a better understanding of your condition. You’ll be positioned comfortably, and the area that will be monitored will be easily accessible.

Step 2: Collect the data

The healthcare provider will place special sensors on the targeted area of your body. For example, they might place them on your forehead to monitor brain activity, or on your neck for head and neck assessments. Once the sensors are in place, the team will monitor the readings to check for any changes in oxygen levels or blood flow.

Step 3: Interpret the results

After the data is collected, your doctor will analyze the results to understand more about your health. They will look for any unusual patterns or signs that could indicate a problem. If necessary, they may consult with other specialists, like oncologists or audiologists, to ensure a thorough interpretation and decide on the next steps for your treatment.

Step 4: Follow-up

It’s important to schedule follow-up appointments to track your progress. If necessary, your treatment plan will be adjusted based on the results. During these appointments, your doctor will explain what the NIRS test results mean, helping you understand your condition and how this test fits into your overall care plan.

Near infrared spectroscopy is a valuable, non-invasive tool for improving diagnosis and treatment in otorhinolaryngology. Based on the results, the doctor will evaluate your condition and decide the best treatment for you. To get the best results from your treatment, make sure to schedule regular check-ups with your doctor.