What Is Premature Birth? Causes and How to Care for Preterm Infants

How Many Weeks Old Is a Baby Considered Premature?

A full-term pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks, though in some cases, it may be 38 or 39 weeks. Babies born at or before 37 weeks of gestation are considered premature or preterm.

Depending on the gestational age at birth, preterm babies are classified into the following categories:

• Late preterm (34 to 36 weeks): These babies are close to full term and typically have developed most vital organs. However, they may still experience issues such as mild breathing difficulties or low birth weight.
• Moderately preterm (28 to 33 weeks): Babies born during this period often have incomplete physical development and low birth weight.
• Extremely preterm (before 28 weeks): This group is at the highest risk, as major organs such as the lungs, brain, and circulatory system are still underdeveloped.

Common Health Problems in Premature Babies

Due to underdeveloped organ systems, premature infants are vulnerable to a range of health complications involving the lungs, body temperature regulation, cardiovascular system, digestive tract, and neurological development.

Respiratory Issues

One of the most serious problems faced by preterm babies is difficulty breathing. Their lungs may lack surfactant – a substance that helps keep the air sacs in the lungs open. Without enough surfactant, babies can develop respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), leading to rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, and bluish skin. Treatment may involve oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, or medications to stimulate surfactant production.

Body Temperature Instability

Hypothermia can be life-threatening for newborns. Since a fetus typically has a body temperature slightly higher than the mother, a sudden drop in temperature after birth is common. Premature babies have thin skin and less fat, which makes them more prone to heat loss.

Congenital Heart Conditions

The cardiovascular systems of preterm babies are often immature. One common issue is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), where a blood vessel between the aorta and pulmonary artery fails to close after birth. This can impair circulation and lead to heart failure.

Cerebral Palsy

Premature babies are at higher risk of cerebral palsy – a group of disorders that affect movement, posture, and coordination. Brain hemorrhages (intraventricular hemorrhage) are a major cause, especially in infants born before 28 weeks. This may later affect walking, speech, and learning abilities.

Digestive Issues

Preterm infants may face gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, poor appetite, and a serious condition known as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), where portions of the intestine become inflamed and may die. Symptoms like green vomit warrant immediate medical attention.

Jaundice

Jaundice is common in premature babies due to an immature liver that cannot effectively eliminate bilirubin. Though typically benign, high bilirubin levels can lead to brain damage if not treated promptly.

Anemia

Anemia is frequently observed in preterm infants due to an immature blood-producing system. It can reduce oxygen supply and increase the risk of severe infections, respiratory failure, or septic shock.

Infections

With an underdeveloped immune system, premature infants are highly susceptible to infections such as pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Additionally, preterm babies may experience delayed speech, emotional difficulties, or chronic illnesses. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for long-term outcomes.

Essential Care Tips for Premature Infants

Regular Health Monitoring

Premature babies take longer to adapt to life outside the womb. Parents should closely observe vital signs like body temperature, alertness, breathing, and skin color. Any abnormalities should prompt immediate medical consultation.

Proper Nutrition

Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for preterm babies, rich in antibodies and proteins to boost immunity. Once the baby is stable, they should consume about 120 -160 ml of milk per kg of body weight daily, divided into 8 -12 small feedings. Mothers should also take supplements such as iron, vitamins E, C, D, K, B1, and folic acid as advised by a physician.

Sleep Hygiene

Premature infants need 16 -20 hours of sleep per day in a quiet, comfortable environment. Parents should wake the baby for feeding if a nap exceeds 4 hours.

Safe sleep practices include:

• Always placing the baby on their back.
• Avoiding tight or excessive clothing.
• Providing a separate crib.
• Using a firm, not overly soft, mattress to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Hygiene and Massage

Premature babies require careful hygiene practices. They should be bathed 3 – 4 times a week using warm water and soft towels. On non-bathing days, use warm water and cotton pads to clean the umbilical area and diaper zone. Light massages help improve circulation and stimulate muscle development.

Vaccination

Timely immunization is essential for preterm infants. Hepatitis B and BCG vaccines are given upon discharge if the baby weighs over 2,000 grams. For those under 2,000 grams, vaccines are scheduled at 2 months of age. Parents should follow the full immunization schedule including vaccines for pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, Hib, and others.

Also, keep the living environment clean and at an optimal temperature. Limit visitors to reduce infection risks, as a preterm baby’s skin and immune system are sensitive.

Final Thoughts

Preterm labor can be concerning, but regular prenatal checkups and early medical intervention can reduce risks. If you suspect signs of preterm labor, consult a healthcare professional immediately.

At Hanoi French Hospital, we offer maternity care packages with regular checkups before, during, and after birth, provided by experienced obstetricians. These programs help ensure a healthy pregnancy and safe delivery for both mother and baby.

Note: This information is for reference only and not a substitute for medical advice. Always seek guidance from a licensed healthcare provider for personalized care.

Premature babies face numerous challenges, but with the right care and medical support, they can thrive and grow up healthy. Choosing a reputable healthcare provider is essential for ensuring the safety of both mother and child. Contact us for expert guidance and care.