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Meanwhile, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, with approximately 2.5 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths based on the latest available global data.
Importantly, these two conditions can present with similar symptoms in their early stages, making them difficult to distinguish based on symptoms alone.
How are pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer similar?
- Similar symptoms: Both pulmonary TB and lung cancer can cause a persistent cough, coughing up phlegm or blood, chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of appetite, and unexplained weight loss.
- Similar findings on imaging: On chest X-rays or CT scans, both conditions can appear as abnormal findings such as nodules, areas of opacity, or mass-like lesions. Therefore, symptoms or a chest X-ray alone cannot confirm whether a patient has TB or lung cancer.
How are pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer different?
Although they may share some symptoms, the two conditions are fundamentally different.
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis – a treatable infectious disease
Pulmonary TB is primarily caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When TB is active, the bacteria can spread through the air.
The infection can cause inflammation and damage to lung tissue, but it can be cured with an appropriate course of anti-TB medications. Patients need to complete treatment as prescribed to prevent treatment failure and drug-resistant TB. Stopping treatment early or taking medications incorrectly may allow the bacteria to persist, increasing the risk of treatment failure and drug resistance.
2. Lung cancer – a malignant disease that requires early detection
Lung cancer develops when lung cells grow abnormally and uncontrollably, forming a malignant tumor.
Smoking is one of the most important risk factors, along with air pollution and certain occupational exposures.
Treatment depends on the type of cancer, the stage of the disease, and the biological characteristics of the tumor. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.
Key difference: Pulmonary TB is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person and can be cured with appropriate treatment. Lung cancer is a malignant, non-communicable disease that requires early detection and thorough evaluation to determine the most appropriate treatment approach.
How are they diagnosed?
To determine the underlying cause, doctors may combine a physical examination, imaging studies, and specialized tests depending on each patient’s condition:
- Chest CT: Provides a more detailed assessment of the location, size, and characteristics of lung abnormalities.
- Sputum testing: Detects TB bacteria using appropriate testing methods and may also help determine whether drug resistance is present.
- Bronchoscopy: Allows doctors to examine the airways and collect samples or perform a biopsy when appropriate.
- Biopsy: Involves collecting a tissue sample to determine the nature of a lesion, particularly when lung cancer is suspected.
The diagnostic approach is selected based on the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and the characteristics of the lung abnormality.
At Hanoi French Hospital (HFH), patients with persistent respiratory symptoms or abnormalities detected on lung imaging can receive comprehensive evaluation and specialist assessment. Depending on each case, doctors may recommend appropriate imaging studies and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause, distinguish between different lung conditions, and develop an individualized treatment plan.
To schedule a consultation with a respiratory specialist at HFH, please contact us via HOTLINE 024.35771100, INBOX the “Hanoi French Hospital” Facebook page, or via WhatsApp: +84 903 497 078.
